Chapter Summary

The following points summarize the key concepts of this chapter:

• It is essential to take a structured approach to troubleshooting in order to resolve network problems.
• Collecting information lays the foundation for isolating a problem.
• Asking the users the right questions will provide the most information. Use�open-ended questions.
• The troubleshooting process includes five steps: defining the problem, isolating the cause, making the repair, confirming the solution, and documenting the outcome.
• If a problem is not obvious, it will be necessary to divide the network into logical groups such as clients, adapters, hubs, cabling and connectors, servers, connectivity components, and protocols.
• Repairing network problems sometimes requires working on several problems at once. Because it is not possible to repair everything at the same time, you will need to establish priorities.
• The network administrator should establish the priorities that affect the integrity of the network.

• Hardware tools are used to identify network problems, network-performance trends, and to help isolate network malfunctions.
• The most common tool for troubleshooting hardware is the digital voltmeter.
• A time-domain reflectometer (TDR) can be used to find breaks, shorts, or imperfections in network cabling.
• Some advanced cable test equipment can display message-frame counts, excess collisions, late collisions, error-frame counts, congestion errors, and beaconing.
• Oscilloscopes are used with TDRs to display precise measurements of voltage and time.
• Network monitors track all or a selected part of network traffic, while protocol analyzers perform real-time network traffic analysis.
• Network General Sniffer can decode and interpret frames from 14 protocols.
• Novell's LANanalyzer works like Sniffer, but is limited to NetWare.
• The scope of a network management program depends on the size of the network, the capability of the staff, the organizational budget, and the expectations of the users.
• Several monitoring utilities are available to manage network performance. Among these are performance monitors, network monitors, and network management protocols.

• Network technology is constantly evolving. Knowing when and where to get help is an important part of being an effective network administrator.
• Useful sources of help include bulletin board services, user groups, and periodicals.
• Joining a local users group can provide the contacts needed to solve problems.
• Internet services include WWW, FTP, e-mail, news, and Telnet.
• Dial-up lines and ISDN connections are two methods by which to physically connect to the Internet.